Integrative Network Design Project Essay

The redesign for Kudler Fine Foods has covered the topology and standards and has defined the architecture, protocols, and strategies it will employ. Now security is the issue that needs to be reviewed. The most important aspect of any communications platform is that it is secure. This paper will discuss the security of the network and the details of the hardware choices that will be used in it. Security Hardware and Software Between every network and the outside host of threats there is a first line of defense. For almost every network this will be a firewall. A firewall can be both hardware and software and is usually a combination of the two. A firewall creates a barrier between networks. Any outside computer or client must pass through the firewall to access the network or its resources. Only a computer or system that has proper access can easily access a network protected by a properly configured firewall. Though it is not infallible, a firewall is the first and perhaps best means of security available to a network. The Kudler Fine Foods network will have firewalls installed and configured at each location. These firewalls will be designed to allow access from authenticated users inside the network. Communication outside of the network should be minimal and not available from unauthenticated sources. Customers do have the ability to access certain account information from the Kudler Fine Foods website. These accounts allow them an authenticated login to the webserver which can access the firewall and the specific account information behind it. Customers themselves do not have access to the network or its files. A truly secure network does not rely on a firewall alone. Individual devices still require their own security measures installed on them. The method of having each end user device be responsible for its own security is called Endpoint Security and many current forms of security systems use this ideology. Third party software can be installed that handles the actual endpoint security of the device. The important point is that each device has current software that protects against intrusion, viruses, and malware. Devices on the Kudler Fine Foods network will be installed with an application suite that will suit all of these needs. In addition to antivirus and antimalware software every device should have appropriate encryption. LAN vs WAN A local area network (LAN) is the most basic form of network; however the word local can be subjective. A local network can mean a small network in a home, or a business network covering several buildings on a city block. LANs are relatively fast, compact, and when configured correctly, have few errors or problems. The hardware needed to build an LAN is set up on OSI levels 1 and 2 and include devices like switches, bridges, hubs, and repeaters. Wide area networks (WAN) are complex networks that span large geographical areas. The most commonly known WAN is the Internet. WANs tend to be slower in speed, highly complex, and intolerant of system problems. Because of the multitude of connections on a WAN, even a simple down can create problems across the network. Fundamental Network Hardware All networks, whether local or larger, are built on the same types of hardware. Most of these systems are using Ethernet technology to connect them. Ethernet cabling uses twisted pair cabling to transmit data and connect devices with a universal technology. Networks use a system of routers, hubs, and switches connected by Ethernet cable. Routers are gateways between networks; these are frequently combined with other devices like a modem. Hubs create a connection point between sections of a network.  Hubs function by relaying frames received to all clients. Hubs are â€Å"dummy† technology in that they do not analyze the frames coming to them and do not relay them specifically to the intended recipient. Instead they transmit any received frame to all clients connected to them. This is a quick, cheap way of ensuring data is transmitted, but it does create large amounts of extra network traffic. A smarter and more expensive piece of equipment contemporary to the hub is the switch. A switch does the same function as the hub but is smarter than a hub. While hubs simply repeat their information to all clients, switches scan the frames that come to them and determine the recipient address. This way the switch can forward the frame to the proper client without tying up more network resources than necessary. Conclusion The Kudler Fine Foods network upgrade will be constructed on Ethernet technology, just as it is now. The fundamental construct will involve use of these hardware technologies and will include switches and routers. The three buildings are in different cities, so they will each have their own local networks. Each network has a connection to the other networks so they are connected by a wide area network at the same time. The devices at each location will be responsible for their own endpoint protection while each local network will be protected by a firewall.

Ballet Don Quixote

Marius Petipa was born in Marseille, France in 1818 moved to St. Petersburg in 1847 from Italy and died in Gurzuf Ukraine in 1910. He worked for nearly 60 years at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg and had a profound influence on modern classical Russian ballet. He directed many of the greatest artists in Russian ballet and developed ballets that retain an important position in Russian dance repertoire.After Marius Petipa's debut in Nantes, France, in 1838, he danced in Belgium, France, and the United States before accepting an engagement in Spain, where he gathered material for ballets later produced in Russia. He established a reputation as a talented pantomime artist and one of the outstanding dancers of his day. Petipa made his initial appearance at the St. Petersburg Mariinsky Theatre in 1847 in Paquita. For his wife, the ballerina Mariya Surovshchikova, he created Le Marche des Paris (1859; â€Å"Parisian Market†; staged as Le Marche des innocents, 1861).His first outstanding success was La fille du pharaon (1862; â€Å"The Pharaoh's Daughter†). Later, after becoming choreographer in 1862 and chief choreographer in 1869, Petipa produced more than 60 ballets, working from carefully detailed plans that became the basis of modern classical ballet in Russia. He collaborated with Tchaikovsky on The Nutcracker (Casse Noisette, choreographed by his assistant Lev Ivanov) and The Sleeping Beauty and presented versions of Swan Lake, Raymonda, and Giselle that have been revived frequently.Among other major ballets are his Don Quixote (1869), La Bayadere (1877), and Le Corsaire (1899). The composer who collaborated with Petipa in creating Don Quixote ballet was Aloisius Ludwig Minkus. His biographical information is very diverse but the most commonly data on his origin states that he was born in Vienna in 1826. There are opinions that he was of Polish or Czech origin. His first compositions were light music for dancing. His first public presentati on of ballet music was an en'tracte included into a Moscow performance of Adam's Orfa.In1861 Minkus worked in the Bolshoi Theater, first as violin soloist, later he became a composer of the theatre and in 1864 he was became a ballet composer at the Bolshoi. His career in Bolshoi was interrupted by the trip to France and on returning to Russia the composer started creating ballet music for Petipa’s works. In 1868 Petipa made Don Quixote ballet for the Bolshoi Theater, with music composed by Minkus in the same year. The ballet was a well-deserved success being first performed in 1869 in Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. It was fame for both Minkus and Petipa.This was beginning of fruitful activity by Minkus, and in 1877 appeared one of his most successful compositions La Bayadere, Roxana or The Beauty from Montenegro in 1878 and many others. Though the ballet by Petipa on music by Minkus was not the first attempt to put the well known novel into music and dances Petipa's version of Do n Quixote, is considered as the standard ballet version of Cervantes’ story with the popular virtuoso pas de deux. The great deal of ballet success depends on the style of this ballet which is mostly determined by Minkus’ music.Minkus ballet music is filled with rhythm, vigour and energetic melody. Don Quixote music is often regarded as ordinary music which does not exceed the bounds of traditional accompaniment to the dance. In fact, Don Quixote score is devoid of rich colors typical of later ballet music, it does not explore moving lyricism like Swan’s Lake by Tchaikovsky. We also cannot feel any symphonic depth or other features which are distinctive for the best ballet scores. However, this music is extraordinary dancing, with deep rich rhythm and thus it helps the dance to adopt the necessary emotionality and vividness.Don Quixote music is dynamic and it is very important for the comedy performance, it explores hot temper, melody and cheerful passion the fe atures so typical for Spanish melodies. Minkus’ music is both the accompaniment and impulse to dance. Don Quixote is described as a â€Å"bol’shoi balet† in the Soviet catalogue of Petipa’s works (Slonimsky 1971, 377-388). A translation of the French ballet a grand spectacle, the term is used to describe ballets that resemble nineteenth-century grand operas in their length, the complexity of their narratives, and tendency toward visual spectacle.(Scholl 1994, 4-5) Because these works dominated the Petersburg stage from the 1860s through the 1890s, and because Russian ballet had no serious competitors in Europe by the 1870s, the Petipa â€Å"grand ballet† has come to represent the ballet style of the late nineteenth century. Petipa, the founder of romantic dance in Russia, developed two versions of the ballet – one was created specially for Bolshoi Theater and the second one was created for Mariinsky Theater in St. Petersburg.This second vers ion contained such elements like â€Å"white act† with its strict symmetry and the famous final virtuoso pas de deux. As Scholl observes, before the work was staged in St Petersburg, Peterburgskaya gazeta, the newspaper best representing local balletomane opinion, reported on the Moscow production: Don Quixote was staged in Moscow in the decadent manner. As an example, several dances were staged so that on one side of the stage they danced one way, and on the other side, to the same music, other dances were performed. (1 September 1901), (57)Petipa’s main objections center around the primacy of dance in Don Quixote in which, scenery, and costumes were of secondary importance and respectively the music had to act only as accompaniment and incentive. Don Quixote is a successful combination of perfect and vivid dancing with emotional music. While being brisk and full of vigor the Minkus’ music in no way dominates the dance itself. The dancers appear before the spec tators in their full advantage. As it was already stated the music was best suited for the plot related to events with hot Spanish characters.This music is distinguished by its gift to set any listener to feel like dancing. And that was, probably, why exactly Muniks’ music was chosen for this ballet. Minkus adored waltz and his passion for that style determined the presence of gypsies, rajahs, Spanish bullfighters, Indian temple maidens dancing to a waltz rhythm in Don Quixote ballet. Though the ballet does not have clear development of the plot it attracts the spectators by its effervescent, masterly dances parade so prolific in the ballet.The dance here serves as the natural expression of the action taking place on the stage. Don Quixote heroes are not simple performers of numerous dance issues; they live in their dance and express through it their thoughts and feelings. The spectator gladly forgives the bit parts prepared for Don Quixote and his faithful Sancho Panza and r eadily accepts cheerful Kitri and her friend Basilio. These two young heroes are definitely more appropriate for such vivid and passionate music than old knight in heavy armour.Petipa displays a remarkable command of mass on the stage and the form taken by his dancing shows considerable imagination. The choreography and staging Petipa devised for the ballet were similarly ostentatious. The ballet’s ballabile featured 36 dancers with baskets of flowers on their heads containing children who suddenly appeared in the dance’s final pose. Scholl sums up Petipa’s choreography as â€Å"the culmination of the evolution of a particular type of theatrical dancing, designed to exploit the scenic potential of the proscenium stage.The ballet’s emphasis of the human body’s maximal legibility evolved as the Renaissance perspective stage was developed†. (8) As consequence, the perfect combination of Petipa’s choreographic approach and Minkus’ music developed into a sunny comedy with farcical elements. Petipa-Minkus ballet Don Quixote convinces the spectator that ballet is great art. Ballet can express thoughts, create harmony and an integral map of the world as any other artistic form of expression. Reference list: Koegler, Horst. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Ballet, 2nd ed.Oxford, 1982. Noble, Jeremy. â€Å"Legends of the Maryinsky. † Dance Magazine. Vol. 73. Issue: 6. June 1999, p. 57. Scholl, Tim From Petipa to Balanchine: Classical Revival and the Modernization of Ballet. New York: Routledge, 1994 Sedov, Yaroslav. â€Å"Inside the Bolshoi†. Russian Life. Vol. 47. Issue: 6. November-December 2004, p. 22 –, â€Å"The Museum of Ballet†. Russian Life. Vol. 48. Issue: 1. January-February 2005, p. 38 Slonimsky, Yuri. Marius Petipa: materialy, vospominaniya, stat’i. [Marius Petipa: Materials, Reminiscences, Articles], Leningrad, 1971

The thought after read the economic book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The thought after read the economic book - Essay Example Beside this book, Schafer has published other books on economics and culture. In this book, Schafer has primarily based on two major aspects, which he believed have a great influence on the world today. These are culture and economics. He therefore, has analyzed these two important factors and evaluated their influence on the world through the historical lenses. His main argument is that the world has been existing in the economic age, since Adam Smith’s work on the Wealth of Nations in 1776. Schafer argues that this economic age has had negative influence in society, and is the source of most of the economic and cultural problems experienced in the world today. Schafer however, makes it clear that the economic age has had considerable positive effects in society, but the negative influence supercedes its positive effects. Although the economic age has led to increased production, economic power, and wealth, to a greater extent, this has resulted in considerable social and eco nomic problems, as some of its effects. In addition, economics has failed to address these negative effects of the economic age. In this book, Schafer has explained the development of the economic age, tracing it from the 1776 work of Adam Smith on The Wealth of Nations to the present century. ... Nonetheless, this work of Schafer leads to the conclusion that the economic age has failed to realize the desired economic, social, and cultural development and sustainability. Therefore, Schafer recommends that society needs to shift from the economic age, and embrace culture as its main force and source of development and sustainability. Schafer, who is knowledgeable in economics, and author of this book, has his own personal views about this book, which he shared with different people in interviews, and other channels through which he was asked to comment on them. In August 2009, the Upper Case, of the University of Ottawa, held an interview with Schafer, about this book, and about what influenced him to write the book. Upper Case is affiliated with UOP, which publishes Canadian and other books by international scholars in both English and French languages, and these books are peer-reviewed. This has been publishing since 1936. However, Upper Case mainly performs interviews on aut hors, writing biographies of authors, writing book reviews, and posting notifications about book launches and related events (Upper Case WEB). During the interview with Upper Case, Schafer was expected to discuss his career, and how it influenced the ideas expressed in this book. He explained that he originally trained in economics and international development, before undertaking another different training in the field of culture. Therefore, his knowledge in these two areas of economics and culture, laid the foundation for the ideas in this book. He was particularly influenced by Adam Smith’s work of The Wealth of Nations, which made him study culture too. In economics, he had the conviction that it was wrong for society to base on economics and economies as

Education as a Primary Defender of Human Rights Essay - 1

Education as a Primary Defender of Human Rights - Essay Example Not every child receives an education, not every woman receives the same rights as her male counterparts, and the voice of the poor remains unheard. A black, lower-class woman, for instance, has less chances of getting her opinions across than a while male belonging to the upper crust of the society, whose voice yields the power to influence society’s major institutions. The Magna Carta of 1215, the most important legal documents to date, set the initial foundations of human rights in the society. One of its key principles stated, "No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, disseised, outlawed, banished, or in any way destroyed, nor will We proceed against or prosecute him, except by the lawful judgment of his peers and by the law of the land. To no one will We sell, to no one will We deny or delay, right or justice" (The Magna Carta). This centuries old charter was the first legitimate document passed to protect the rights of the people. It evolved over time to form the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which the United Nations passed in 1948. This was, in effect, the turning point for the human rights campaign; indeed, issues of race, social class, and gender inequality would still traumatize society today were it not for the Declaration. The concept of human rights works very well in theory; it is easy to advocate equality for all in text. Reality, however, is an entirely different story. There are still a considerable percentage of men, women, and children who are marginalized and discriminated within the society for one reason or the other. It is precisely for them that human rights defenders function. As the term suggests, human rights defenders are individuals who advocate the provision of human rights to all; they are endorsers of the victimized, and aim to champion the rights of all humans. However, the term ‘human rights defenders is not just restricted to human beings. Instead, it encompasses anything and everything that

Ethos pathos and logos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethos pathos and logos - Essay Example been consuming healthy foods for a long time since my very early childhood so that the audience knows that what I am saying is not just theory but a reflection on my personal life experiences. To establish pathos in the presentation, I would try to make emotional connection with the audience by enriching my speech with gestures that reinforce my ideas, by randomly asking the audience easy questions to keep them engaged with me, including funny pictures wherever possible in the presentation not only to entertain the audience, but also to give them a break now and then, and by sharing with them some experiences of my mom’s friends who have suffered great losses in life because of consuming unhealthy foods. To establish logos in the presentation, I would organize the slides in a way that my speech reflects smoothly point after point as I make it. I shall suggest certain eatables and drinks that can be made available in the cafeteria within the school’s budget so that everybody knows that what I am proposing is practicable and thus not to be taken

Lev Shestov and Democratization of Thought Essay

Lev Shestov and Democratization of Thought - Essay Example Shestov displays a great amount of variety in his work and also borrows from the philosophy of the east in order to challenge the views that are established and belong to great thinkers. Through such a move, Shestov achieves a revolutionary approach that serves to challenge the existing order of things as they are in the society and in the universe. The complexities of such viewpoints are expressed in several works that he wrote. This paper shall seek to analyze an excerpt from the essay, â€Å"The Force of Argument†, which seeks to establish a dialogue between himself and the German philosopher, Arthur Schopenhauer, whose views Shestov was not in agreement with at all (Shestov 97). Using several points of view from different schools of thought, Shestov is able to provide a refutation of the argument that Schopenhauer presents and is also able to give his own argument a place in a continuity of history by anticipating its own modification by a later theorist, in the same way, that he was modifying the theories of Arthur Schopenhauer. Shestov criticizes the assumptions that Schopenhauer takes for granted while formulating his analyses of the condition of man. The distinction between the individual man and the collective is clearly laid out by Schopenhauer in his philosophy. The beginning and the end of man is taken as a given that cannot be refuted is also a basis for any future argument that Schopenhauer makes; which is to say, that it forms the bedrock of his later discourses. Shestov’s challenge is aimed at a challenge of the very basic assumptions that are taken for granted by philosophers like Schopenhauer. The excerpt from â€Å"The Force of Argument† makes it clear that the immortality of the soul can be defined in many ways. A man who is dead is considered to be dead as an individual merely because of the demise of the earthly identity of his body. Shestov does not consider this to be a legitimate ending; neither does he think that t his constitutes a definite ending to a person’s existence. Casting off the body that we see on this planet and the identity that is assumed on the earth, the soul may move to another planet and assume another identity clothing it with another covering. This may lead one to think that the ending of a person is not an ending but a continuation of the existence of a soul that was always present. The immortality of the soul is taken as a reference point even in this argument that Shestov provides as a refutation of an argument that he feels gives excessive importance to reference points, given by Schopenhauer. The absence of reference points and the immortality of the soul are aspects also of Christianity. However, the soul assuming new bodies in different planets after the death of one body is a definite influence of eastern philosophy, especially Hinduism, which believes in the transmigration of souls from one body to the other following death. It is a Eurocentric view that Sch openhauer takes when he expounds his philosophy; it is this narrow view that is sought to be altered when Shestov offers his refutation of the arguments that are provided by Schopenhauer.

Ethics project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics project - Essay Example Practicing the ethical requirements help in ensuring safety, health and the welfare of organizations and individuals because of the closeness in human and business relations. Engineers must abide by the code of ethics as stipulated by the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE). The code articulates the significance of the decisions made by engineers that require full concentration, honesty, fairness and integrity. The misdeed by the responsible engineer is determined by his actions towards agreeing to sign off the project as complete in full knowledge that the software contained a bug. According to the prototype tests, a high number of airplanes led to the disappearance of one of them from the system. However, the boss convinced the engineer that the FAA would not detect the problem since she was aware of their testing methods (McFarland 1). As such, the boss managed to persuade the engineer to sign and as a result, with the full knowledge of the error in the software, the engineer signed off the software. In this case, the responsible engineer had the option of declining the signing off and delivery of the software to FAA until the error was corrected. With such an error, the software could mislead the traffic control personnel and lead to an air disaster. Such disasters lead to the destruction of property and loss of life. The responsible engineers can be held responsible for such disasters in a court of law. Additionally, such a misdeed can lead to the loss of practicing license as an engineer, blacklisting, being fired and a jail term. After signing the software off and delivering it to the FAA, the engineer broke several codes of ethics by deliberately approving a faulty software. According to the NSPE codes, the engineer breached Section 1.5 of the NSPE Code of Ethics that state, â€Å"Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall avoid deceptive acts.† The engineer also broke Section II.1.b of the NSPE

Varieties of Corporate Governance PowerPoint Presentation

Varieties of Corporate Governance - PowerPoint Presentation Example Corporate governance is not only a strategic approach and a driving force for an economy, but it also emphasizes on the variations in its system. The variations differ according to the business situation, such as failed incorporate networks may emphasize on the implementation of financial orientation type corporate governance system (Lazonick & O'Sullivan, 2000). Within the applied system of corporate governance, organizational arrangements and social relations act as those factors that determine the controlling authorities for an organization. The culture within an organization is thoroughly important, when directors and controlling authorities to run corporate governance are to be decided. It is up to the priorities of an organization; whether it is more towards revenue generation or towards the development of an ideal presence in the market, such as HTC Corporation. Therefore, this is the organizational arrangement that helps in picking the controlling authorities for a firm (Lazo nick & O'Sullivan, 2000). ... The firms may take advantage of the institutional approach, where system of corporate governance can be accomplished according to the outcomes (Dore, 2000, pp. 115-127). Supporting Arguments As the core argument of the article talks about the diversifications and variations of the corporate governance; therefore, in order support this main argument few of the supporting arguments are developed to achieve the aim appropriately. It is revealed that the relationship developed among the key stakeholders of an organization, including labour, capital and management, differs region to region (Aguillera & Jackson, 2003). Article also measures the isolated effects of all the stakeholders; thus, ‘forward-looking’ approach is used to analyze the effects. In the considered article, role of institutional complementarities in developing a suitable corporate governance system at a firm level is also analyzed. It can be observed that practicability of a certain institution rises, when o ther business institution does not suit particular business circumstances. In few cases, it is found that organizations are not likely to work on strategic orientation, when it comes to deal with financial system (Dore, 2000, pp. 118-124). By describing the dimensions and variations in such system, the role of directors and executive is also truly significant in determining the sustainable and reliable dimensions for any firm. One of the existing obstacles in the implementation of corporate governance is the conflicts, which may arise when interests of labour are suppressed by the interests of management and capital of the firm. The theoretical model presented in the article has served the main purpose properly.

Audience Analysis and Reception Essay Example for Free

Audience Analysis and Reception Essay Question: You are preparing to write a formal report to be presented to management at your workplace. What are some potential needs for this audience you should be aware of when writing the report? What are the risks of not considering the audience’s needs? As explained in week five (The University of Phoenix, 2014). Writing a Proper Report Writing a formal report to management can be difficult as well as time-consuming. You must know who your audience is and what important topics your management team wants to hear. It is very easy to get off track and present data that is not relevant to the audience that you are directing the report to. You must know your audience. There are several things the author writing the report needs to know, in order to ensure that the management team will understand. The first thing that should be considered is, knowing who your audience is. It is important to know who the managers reading this report are. This makes a difference because you want to capture an audience by the job they have. If the report is a descriptive report about product design, you will not want to write a report about sales revenue. The report must fit the audience. Another important factor the writer should know is, knowing the audiences special interests or prejudices they may have about the information you are going to present. It is important to write the report around the facts and to not try to put in too much feeling. Facts are the only things that should be considered. Let the audience think for themselves and make their minds up based on the data that is being presented. Be prepared and have charts or other supporting documentation ready and available, so that the report can be backed up to support the report. Always pay attention to grammar and watch for any syntax errors in your writing. It is crucial that the audience sees that the report is  credible, properly written and that it flows well so that the audience can understand the report. Formal reports are more detailed and have a lot more detail than a non-formal report. Paragraphing the formal report will be easy for the audience to read. There are a lot of risks involved if these guidelines are not met. The audience has particular needs that they will be looking for, and making certain that these measures are there will lead to success. In conclusion, it is crucial that writers understand who the audience is. A formal report should always have the information in it that fits the audience. You might lose your audience, and the report may be seen as non-credible if the facts are not presented the way they should be. References The University of Phoenix. (2014). Week Five: Audience Analysis and Reception. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix, XBCOM/275 website. Educational Psychologist. (2010). Writing for whom? Cognition, motivation, and a writers audience.. Retrieved from Educational Psychologist, XB/COM 275Communication Process Model website.

Nonsense poem Essay Example for Free

Nonsense poem Essay Jabberwocky is a nonsense poem authored by Lewis Carroll which is contained in his famous work Through the Looking Glass, and What Alice Found There in 1871. As many literary scholars and critics argue, Jabberwocky is normally regarded to be one of the utmost â€Å"nonsense poems† worked out in the English language. But though it is termed as nonsense poem, it is employed in various schools to educate learners on the application of portmanteaux. The poem is comprised of various terminologies and expressions that do not really have equivalent meanings in the English language. The words used by Carroll’s throughout the poem are mainly combinations of different words which are fused into one expression or term. As Jabberwocky revolves on a legend of a fictional monster and how it is slain in the tale, it suggests a very imaginary and unreal story and events which complements the structure of the poem with nonsensical terms. According to literary scholars, the original purpose of the Jabberwocky and its structure is directed towards Carroll’s criticisms against pompous and â€Å"ignorant literary critics. † Nevertheless, after the publication of it, it became a subject for different literary interpretations and even used in schools for some literary discussions and appreciations. The Jabberwocky conveys every possible fictional characters and events which are harmonized by the inclusion of superfluous nonsense expressions and terminologies. But no matter how unconventional it may appear, the effect of Jabberwocky impacts the society form culture to education which makes it a very popular culture since its publication. The unintentional and unexpected outcome which the poem produces strengthens and proves the uncertainty and unpredictable character of a potential great literary work. Reference Carroll, L. Stewart, J. (2003). Jabberwocky. Candlewick.

An Analysis of Eliots Adam Bede

An Analysis of Eliots Adam Bede â€Å"Adam Bede†- George Eliot Summary: Dinah Morris is a Methodist preacher who arrives in Hayslope, a small village in England, during the late 18th century (1799). Dinah resides with her aunt and uncle named Mr. and Mrs. Poyser, however, she hopes to return to where she normally lives in Snowfield. Seth Bede, who is a local carpenter, loves Dinah and is still adjusting to her rejection of his marriage proposal. Seth’s brother, Adam Bede, also resides in Hayslope and works as the foreman at the local carpentry shop where he and his brother both work. Adam is smitten with a young girl of seventeen named Hetty Sorrel who lives in the village. Hetty is Mr. Poyser’s niece and lives with the Poysers’ where she helps with the chores. Thias Bede is the father of Seth and Adam. He drowns in the river near their house after he had gone on a drinking binge. Seth and Adam’s mother, Lisbeth, is distraught by this and so Dinah goes to comfort Lisbeth where she is able to soothe her where no one else can. Lisbeth also wishes for Dinah to become her daughter-in-law. Squire Donnithorne is the local landlord who governs the parish very strictly. His grandson and heir, Captain Donnithorne is a member of the regimental army and lives with the Squire. The local villagers all respect and adore Captain Donnithorne, who considers himself a man of great chivalry. Captain Donnithorne flirts secretively with Hetty after first meeting her at the Poyser’s residence. He asks Hetty when she will be visiting the Squire’s residence again and arranges to meet her unaccompanied in the woods when she passes through. When Captain Donnithorne meets up with Hetty in the woods this is the first time that they have been alone and are both bashful. Captain Donnithorne teases Hetty about her many suitors which makes her cry. He then puts his arms around her to comfort her but then he immediately panics at the inappropriateness of his advances and leaves Hetty alone in the woods. Later Captain Donnithorne meditates on what he has done and resolves that he needs to approach Hetty as to clear up what had happened. He meets her on her way back through the woods where they kiss. This encounter marks the beginning of a summer-long affair which ends when Captain Donnithorne leaves to rejoin his regiment once again. Hetty believes that Captain Donnithorne will join in matrimony and that he will make her into the great socialite she dreams of being. Although Hetty does not exactly love him she loves the wealth and privilege that he represents. Captain Donnithorne hosts a party for himself to which he invites all the members in the parish. Everyone attends and has a wonderful time with a feast, dancing and games that were provided. Adam notices that Hetty is wearing a locket that Captain Donnithorne had given her and becomes suspicious that she might have a secret lover, however, he concludes that it would not be possible for her to conceal such a thing from the Poysers. On the last night that Captain Donnithorne is in town, Adam surprises the guilty pair in the woods and forces Arthur to fight, Adam wins this fight. Captain Donnithorne lied to Adam and said that the affair was no more than a little flirtation. Adam responded by telling him that he must write a letter to Hetty letting her know that the affair is over. Captain Donnithorne obeys Adam and Adam delivers the letter. Hetty is heart broken by this news but after some time she resolves to marry Adam as a way out of her current life. When Adam proposed Hetty accepted. When Captain Donnithorne is due for departure, Hetty is pregnant, unknown to either of them. She resolves to go out and find Captain Donnithorne because she cannot tolerate to have those who know her discover her shame. She believes that Captain Donnithorne will help her even though she senses that he can never remove her shame. Hetty sets out to find Captain Donnithorne and at the end of an arduous journey Hetty learns that he has gone to Ireland. She then decides to head in the direction of home with the intention of visiting Dinah, who Hetty believes will help her without judging her. During this trip Dinah gives birth to her child. Distraught by this she takes the child into the woods and buries it under a tree. Hetty leaves the child there but she cannot escape the sound of the child’s cry. She returns to where she left the baby where a farm laborer and the Stoniton constable discover her and the take her into custody for the murder of her child. Adam is distraught when he cannot find Hetty and concludes that Captain Donnithorne must have lured her away from their impending marriage. Before traveling to Ireland to find him Adam goes to Mr. Irwine to tell him of his plan. Mr. Irwine tells Adam that Hetty is in jail for murder. Even though the situation distresses him Adam attends her trial. Dinah arrives and is able to convince Hetty that she must repent to save her soul. Hetty is then convicted and sentenced to die. At the last possible moment Captain Donnithorne arrives with a stay of execution. Hetty is sent away from England for her crimes and dies just before she is set to return to Hayslope. Captain Donnithorne leaves for a while because of the shame he has brought upon the Poysers’ and also Adam. Adam recognizes that he is in love with Dinah so he proposes to her but she rejects him until she comes to realize that it is God’s will that she marry Adam. They are married and have two children. Seth lives with them and does not marry. Captain Donnithorne eventually returns to Hayslope where he and Adam meet one last time at the conclusion of the novel. They are both able to stay friends despite all that has come between them. Narrative style: The narrator speaks primarily in the third person, centering on characters one at a time and revealing their thoughts and feelings in turn. At times the narrator breaks through to comment on the actions and feelings of the character in the first person. The narrator in Adam Bede butts into the story to offer ironic and often sarcastic commentary on the characters and the reader’s impression of them by the use of satire. The satire keeps the narrative sharp and the tone light. The narrator uses humor where a big part of that humor is in the sarcasm. Character analysis: Adam Bede- An intelligent and fairly well educated man for a peasant. He is industrious and loyal, as well as kind-hearted and a man of good morals and values. Adam is multi-faceted because his character develops throughout the novel. In the beginning Adam is a proud man and is judgmental, especially towards his father and his situation, however, at the end of the novel Adam’s pride is largely humbled and he is less judgmental towards others because of Hetty’s crimes where he is mellowed by the experience. Dinah Morris- A Methodist preacher who seeks to bring God’s love to all those around her. Dinah’s gentle manner and selflessness bring comfort to others. She is a woman of simplicity who lives to help others. Dinah is multifaceted because her character develops throughout the novel. In the beginning she feels compelled to help those in greatest need even when it results in the denial of her own happiness but eventually she comes to believe that her own happiness and God’s Will are not necessarily incompatible when she falls in love with Adam and marries him. Language and diction: Eliot’s language and diction that he uses is befitting of the time period in which this novel was written (late 1850s) and so the language is very formal and polished with a refined tone. Extensive descriptions are followed by dialogue. The descriptions set the scene to which the characters are subject to and the dialogue follows by elaborating on what is happening in the description. Vast uses of figures of speech assist the descriptions in being successful. The dialogue allows for the reader to get to know the characters better and to understand the relationships between one another. Imagery: By the extensive use of adjectives and figures of speech all the senses were met. Eliot describes the countryside effectively with a predominant use of such metaphors and personification in: â€Å"High up against the horizon were the huge conical masses of hill, like giant mounds intended to fortify this region of corn and grass against the keen and hungry winds of the north†, here my sense of sight was met most. I was also able to hear the sounds of Chad â€Å"beating the stick against the milk can by way of musical accompaniment† that appealed to my sense of hearing. The sense of touch was achieved when Mr Irwine went to Anne’s bedside and kissed her â€Å"delicate hands† to which he felt the â€Å"slight pressure from the small fingers†. Eliot uses â€Å"Fresh fragrance of new-pressed cheese, of firm butter, of wooden vessels perpetually bathed in pure water† to achieve the sense of smell as he describes the hot and dusty streets. Whilst t he Bede family and Dinah were in the kitchen having breakfast: â€Å"warm porridge and toasted oat-cake† appealed to my sense of taste as I could feel my mouth watering for the scrumptious breakfast about to be devoured. The most evident sense in Adam Bede, like most novels, was the sense of sight, however, all my senses where felt in this novel which made it a sensual experience. Themes: Inner and outer beauty Eliot contrasts inner and outer beauty throughout the novel to express the idea that external and internal authenticities do not always correspond. Although Hetty is more physically attractive than Dinah she is cold and ugly inside- this is the opposite of Dinah. Dinah’s inner beauty matches that of Hetty’s outer beauty. Hetty’s outer beauty masks her inner unattractiveness, especially to Captain Donnithorne and Adam. Even when Hetty cries or is angry she continues to appear as being charming to both men. Adam is blinded by Hetty’s appearance which causes him to misinterpret her tears and delight as love for him. Hetty’s outer beauty also blinds and shades Captain Donnithorne judgement such that he loses control when she cries and thus kisses her. Unlike Hetty, Dinah has a deep inner beauty because she helps and cares for those around her. Dinah comforts Lisbeth through the mourning of her deceased husband. Adam does not thin k Dinah is as physically attractive as Hetty but he is drawn to her love and mission to aid the people surrounding her. His feelings for Dinah change after he witnesses Dinah consoling Hetty as he begins to realize that Dinah is outwardly beautiful. The consequences of bad behavior- Bad behavior and misconduct have consequences that extend far beyond the person doing wrong and even relatively small transgressions can have considerable collateral effects, this is seen in Adam Bede. The fundamental lesson from Hetty’s experience with Captain Donnithorne is that doing the right thing is more important because doing the wrong thing may hurt others in ways that cannot be controlled and measured. Although Captain Donnithorne is not inherently wicked he provokes bad behavior in Hetty because he does not make himself available to her when she seeks for his help once she learns that she is pregnant. Hetty is ashamed and selfish when she commits her crime. As Hetty awaits the trial, she does not think about how her bad behavior has affected anyone else as she does not consider the shame she has brought upon the Poysers’ or the effect that her crime has on Adam. Hetty feels no remorse for her sins and only wishes to not be re minded of any wrong she has done. In the end she apologizes to Adam and asks God for forgiveness but the moral of the story is that actions of bad behavior, evil, and wrongdoing cannot be undone or changed. Setting: The novel is set in a small village in England called Hayslope which is quaint and reflects the character of Hetty in the beginning of the novel as well as all the innocence in the other characters. The setting is cyclic which represents the life of the villagers as they do their day to day errands. The fact that the setting is a small village assists in also creating a sense of loneliness, which is something experienced by Hetty later on in the novel. The village setting is therefore accompanied by more forests and vegetation than the large city. Nature is seen to play a role in romance and love, in Hayslope there is this nature setting which accompanies and facilitates various forms of love in the novel. Genre: This novel is a fictional novel because the plot did not actually take place but was rather formulated from Eliot’s imagination. Adam Bede is also a romantic drama: the romance is seen between the webbed relationships of Adam Hetty, Hetty Arthur and Dinah Adam. The drama is portrayed in the actions of the characters: Lisabeth’s husband dying, Hetty and Arthur’s flirtation whilst Adam had proposed to her previously, Hetty’s pregnancy and how she dealt with it (killing her baby) and eventually the concluding matrimony of Dinah and Adam. The drama is seen through such trials and tribulations in the novel. Aspects I liked: For a novel of this time which was first published in 1859 I did not expect such a dramatic storyline with a drastic twist towards the end where Hetty murdered her baby, however, it was refreshing and something new, I enjoyed this aspect because one can truly never judge a book by its cover. I enjoyed the extensive descriptions of Eliot’s, however, at times it can be overpowering in the sense that it is unnecessarily long. The enjoyment of these descriptions comes from the vast use of figures of speech used by Eliot. I have not read a novel that uses as many figures of speech and so this was interesting for me. The dialogue which usually followed the descriptions was also thorough in that there was a lot of dialogue. This enabled me to understand the characters better and their relationships with one another, which in turn made me understand and follow the plot better. Recommendations: I would recommend this novel to people who are not lazy readers and those who enjoy thorough descriptions in novels. This novel would also appeal to people who do not enjoy novels with a ‘typical’ storyline as it contains a twist due to bad decisions. I would recommend this novel because of the moral of the story which is relevant in our day and age: bad behavior has consequences so think twice before taking action. I would not recommend this novel to people who are sensitive about religion as this novel speaks about this in its dialogue quite often and to people who do not enjoy dramatic novels.

A Haunting Past in Faulkners A Rose of Emily Essay -- essays research

A Haunting Past In William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Miss Emily Grierson holds on to the past with a grip of death. Miss Emily seems to reside in her own world, untarnished by the present time around her, maintaining her homestead as it was when her father was alive. Miss Emily’s father, the manservant, the townspeople, and even the house she lives in, shows that she remains stuck in the past incapable and perhaps reluctant to face the present. At the beginning of the story, the reader learns that Miss Emily â€Å"is portrayed as ’a fallen monument,’†¦ because she has shown herself susceptible to death (and decay) after all† (West 264). The house can also be perceived as a â€Å"fallen monument†(Faulkner 81) as the narrator proceeds to describe the house, magnificent as it once was, and how it has become dilapidated through the years. The same can be said about Miss Emily, as time passed she â€Å"looked bloated like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue†(Faulkner 82). In her younger days however, she was â€Å"a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her clutching a horsewhip†(Faulkner 83). One of the many indications that Miss Emily is stuck in the past is her refusal to accept that her father is dead after holding on to his body for three days. â€Å"She wants to keep him as she has known him instead of allowing him to return to dust†(Kurtz 40). Miss Emily’s father had such an impact on her life, that she was left powerless in every aspect, thus her decision to live in the past where she knew she could be in control. The reader also learns that Miss Emily continued to retain a manservant long after slavery had ended. This â€Å"old m... ... Among them lay a collar and tie, as if they had just been removed, which, lifted, left upon the surface a pale crescent in the dust. Upon a chair hung the suit, carefully folded, beneath it the two mute shoes and the discarded socks. The man himself lay in the bed†¦ Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron- gray hair.(Faulkner 86-87) Up to the very end of Miss Emily’s life, her father was in the foreground watching and controlling, and Miss Emily unrelentingly held on to the past. She went as far as keeping a loved one’s body locked upstairs in her home for years. While admiring her loved one’s body from up close and afar, she managed to maintain a death grip on the past.

Jack In The First Five Chapters :: essays research papers

At the start of the novel, there has been an atomic explosion, and the children have been evacuated in an aircraft with a detachable passenger tube. The aircraft has been attacked and released the tube while flying over tropical seas. The tube has crash landed in the jungle of a tropical island, and the plane has flown off in flames. This is the point when the novel starts. There are four main characters in the book – Ralph, Piggy, Jack and Simon. Simon is part of the choir, which is led by Jack, but Ralph and Piggy are not members of the choir, and are in no way related. There are no adults – "There aren’t any grown ups" (P.43)Ralph has found a "conch" (P.21), and has used it to call all the boys on the island together. This is where Jack is introduced into "Lord of the Flies""Something dark was fumbling along" (P.26). This refers to the choir walking along the beach in the distance. This use of language shows us that the choir is dark, evil, and sinister, and immediately Golding tells us that this group will not be a "good" force on the island. The choir are a militaristic group – "marching approximately†¦with a hambone frill" (P.26). This shows us that their leader is in total control of the group. This leader is Jack – "The boy who controlled them†¦his cap badge was golden" (P.26) This shows the authority and status that Jack has over the choir. When the choir reach the platform, Jack shows off – "swaying in the fierce light†¦his cloak flying" (P.27). This is an attempt to impress the group, create a good impression, enough so he commands their respect as well as the choirs’, enough so that he can eventually control them as well as the choir. Jack does not introduce himself to everyone; he first words to the group are "Where’s the man with the trumpet?" (P.27). He just gives out demands, and expects the group to answer him. This is what he is used to. Jack is a direct contrast with Ralph – "peered down at Ralph†¦(the conch) did not seem to satisfy him" (P.27) This shows us that he believes no-one is as good a leader as him, and that the conch, which called the group together, is below him. This is "simple arrogance" (P.29) on the part of Jack.

Case study sap establishing a research center over china Essay

Recommendations Content Competitors SAP overview Benchmarks Products and Services China’s software industry Porter‘s â€Å"diamond modelâ€Å" explains how firms can gain competitive advantage on international markets and thus become exporters of their goods and services Demand Conditions Government policies 1972 1978 SAP Founded from IBM employees in Germany SAP turns 10 providing service to 250 companies in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland 1982 Opens international subsidiaries in Denmark, Sweden, Italy, and the US Customer milestone: Dow Chemicals becomes SAP’s 1,000th customer SAP International Expansion into Switzerland 1984 1988 1989 SAP (International) AG in Switzerland controls 12 international subsidiaries in Canada, Singapore, Australia, and other countries. 33% of its revenue is spent for R&D SAP is named â€Å"Company of the Year† Marketing in the Chinese market with presentations in Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin. The IBM corporation, a longstanding SAP partner, is now using SAP R/3 to manage its global business processes. New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in Q3 World’s leading provider of e-business software solutions Third-largest independent software vendor on the planet Company supports its customers with special programs designed to help them emerge from the 2009 economic crisis. Cutbacks, SAP is able to improve its operating margin despite the difficult circumstances. Double-digit growth shows that more and more customers are turning to SAP’s software innovations. FUTURE INVESTMENTS SAP announces its plans for growth in emerging market economies such as Brazil, India, Russia, and especially China= EUR 2 Billion World leader in enterprise applications in terms of software and software-related service revenue World’s third largest independent software manufacturer A 40-year history of innovation and growth. More than 183,000 customers in 130+ countries. More than 55,765 employees in 130+ countries. Annual revenue (IFRS) of â‚ ¬ 14,23 billion = $18,66 billion US dollars (2011) 1994 1998 2000 2003 Early History 1979 Goes public SAP AG Fast Track SAP in Shanghai ninth opening of a development location 2005 2007 2010 2011 The SAP HANA platform, enabling them to analyze data in seconds SAP announces its EUR 2.5 billion acquisition of SuccessFactors, the leading provider of cloud applications. SAP’s Financial The SAP R/3 system is released for Windows Workforce = 24,000 employees in over 50 countries Revenues â‚ ¬6.3 billion 23% increase SAP decision to construct SAP Labs Shanghai Pudong Software Park. 2006 Along with SAP Germany, SAP Austria, SAP Chile, SAP Andina y del Caribe, SAP Mexico, and SAP Region Sur win SAP Labs India receives the distinction â€Å"Recruiting and Staffing Best in Class† Software revenue of EUR 1.5 billion best quarter in SAP’s history. SAP branches out to clients in Austria and France Wave of the Future Opens subsidiaries China South Africa, Malaysia, Japan, the Czech Republic, Russia, and Mexico 1992 1996 Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry Related & Supporting Industries Factor Endowments SAP offered competitive salary, participation in local high-potential programs, foreign visits, the opportunity to work with global counterparts, and for long-term senior staff, a subsidized car policy. SAP set up programs to build relationships with China’s top 10 universities in computer science. Staff traveled to local universities to develop and maintain contact with their professors. SAP Human Resources set up a number of programs to help promote PhD internships at SAP Research. Stanford University three-month summer internship positions an incentive for top Chinese interns Finding talent difficult = 1% of master and PHD graduates with same qualifications as in US or Europe Difficult recruiting managers from abroad to China Compensation Wars for local talent Expatriates recruited also very expensive Difficult to retain staff due to high opportunities =problem for project that require 3-7 years Annual raises were common up to 15% or more Top graduates expected a high level of personal engagement Recruiting Challenges Solutions Key decision making for SAP Labs in China Recommendations Support of long-term investment in technology and R&D Tax incentives Reduced 15% corporate income tax 150% deduction for R&D expenditures if R&D spending has increased by 10% from the prior year Access to cheap land Establishing facilities in China eases market access premise to sell products Government allows easier access to clients Relationship building is very important Political stability supports long-term investments Some Facts 1.5 million employees CAGR: 29% over past three years 20,719 firms in software industry High market potential only 45% of companies had adapted ERP systems Demanding customers due to specifications of Chinese market Rapidly changing and developing market Market of the future: trends can be identified here Strong development of general Chinese economy Limited competition, mostly smaller companies with focus on SMEs SAP is market leader in large enterprise segment Focus of strategy is to deliver high quality software as a standardized solution with constant improvements and innovation SAP‘s structure: Geocentric firm sets the basis for successful operations in China Homogenous company culture Collective decision making „all pulling on one stringâ€Å": interdependent subsidiaries Partners are available, yet underutilized: Huawei became SAP‘s first Chinese partner in July 2012 Supporting industry is not as important as in other industries business outcomes are knowledge based only little up- and downstream activities Infrastructure Capital Resources Knowledge Resources Factor Endowments Physical Resources Human Resources Availability of skilled, hard-working, striving, aspiring workers: appr. 2.4 million graduates Workforce is comparatively cheap: 5000 – 9000 RMB per programmer 20,000 – 30,000 RMB per SAP consultant Competition for skilled university graduates is rough Access to information available, however on a limited basis due to restrictions imposed by the government (such as controlling the internet), Internal knowledge can be built up through exchange with other SAP sites High availability, large inflow of FDI, especially in high technology sector Capital is relatively cheap Different sources of financing available Cheap availability of land and office spaces, especially in software parks Other physical resources do not play a big role Software parks support the exchange of knowledge, lead to innovation, low communication costs Modern internet connections allow for highspeed communication with sites throughout the world Threats Wage levels rise in China companies already start moving to ASEAN countries Loss of IP due to violations and copyright infringements Intercultural problems might become an issue Hofstede: cultural distance between China and Western countries is very high Language barriers Time zone barriers General Threats Unfamiliarity Hazard Incorrect market assessment: Do Chinese firms really want to have standardized software Inadequate knowledge of country’s norms, values, culture, business conduct Lack of embeddedness in local networks (suppliers, customers, governments†¦) Relational Hazards Costs within the organization caused by geographic distance and limited flow of information Discrimination Hazards: Differential treatment of SAP by government, customers, employees Liability of Foreignness Transnationality Index Why Shanghai? Why SAP Labs in China? Why locate in a Software Park? Recruiting Decisions SAP Labs China SAP chose the Integrated R&D Network Approach to manage its worldwide R&D sites successfully R&D networks should follow two principles: Subsidiarity: whatever can be managed by a decentralized unit should not be taken care of in the center Moving centers of gravity: decentralized units take over projects if they are better in doing them than others Create a good working atmosphere Care for employees‘ families Assign interesting & challenging projects Give responsibilities to researchers Conduct intercultural trainings Offer attractive compensation packages Allow researchers to focus on research ïÆ'   – administrative work should be minimized Offer trainings and exchange with other R&D institutions Attract top talented and highly skilled graduates and experienced researchers Maintain tight contacts to local universities Provide support for workers who move to R&D site Choose renowned local researcher with international experiences as a lab leader: â€Å"technological gatekeeper† Include local managers with multicultural experiences to act as cultural mediators Facilitate integration through mentors One of the key success factors is managing humans – hiring and retaining talents accounts largely for the success Experienced managers and experts have to be transferred to new R&D site to share process knowledge, routines and culture which will improve the quality of the work and will make the R&D site an attractive place to work at. Attracting talented employees sets the cornerstone for successful R&D outcomes – contacts to universities are extremely valuable Recruitment Retention By holding turnover rates low, knowledge will be kept in the company and has the potential to multiply Each R&D site is on the same level R&D sites are closely interconnected by means of flexible and varied coordination mechanisms Each R&D site specializes in a particular field of research ïÆ'   development of â€Å"competence centers† Multi-dimensional coordination & information is necessary + Coupling of specialization and synergy effects + Global before local efficiency + Organizational learning across many locations + Exploitation and refining of local strengths – High coordination costs – Complex institutional rules & decision processes Key Characteristics 1 Long-term strategic vision for R&D site should be set Clear assignment of tasks and responsibilities for site Outlook for development ïÆ'   growth plan Quick first successes to strengthen respect and reputation for research work Determine appropriate size of R&D site for each development stage Closeness to business units Cooperation with universities and local research institutes to get fast access to new knowledge and developments Attracting new employees by close ties with universities Getting access to informal networks to gain insight information and knowledge Searching contact to companies to be close to the market/customers Regular visits by top managers should underline importance of new R&D site Promote research outcomes New site should be considered to be equal among other R&D locations Positioning as high-end research organization, which increases motivation and attractiveness for new employees Top management support is crucial to success of R&D site Appropriate resource allocation in terms of money, time, and people needs to be guaranteed Senior management has to be an advocate of new R&D site Incentives for managers should include components based on success of R&D site Besides managing employees, several other key areas including attention for R&D site and sponsorship have to be tackled Top management team commitment, support and involvement Steering committee: representation of relevant parties Led by managers with technical expertise and in-depth organizational knowledge Guidance and monitoring of R&D sites Virtual teams are the key success factor for successful team work Establish processes & infrastructure for efficient communication Allow for visits by granting travel budgets Create a strong corporate culture Encourage taking responsibility, initiative and self-leadership 360-degree feedback Transfer of experts & managers who spread routines, culture and processes Cooperation & exchange between competence centers Know-how and technologies need to be transferred and easily accessible throughout the organization Cross-functional and cross-dimensional communication has to be ensured over different channels, such as Visits, personal meetings, conferences, employee exchanges & trainings ïÆ'   set budget for traveling & exchange Intranet ïÆ'   To prevent the „not-invented-here syndromeâ€Å" Central staff department should support decentralized units Alignment of corporate strategy and R&D strategy Clear allocation of research focus to prevent duplication ïÆ'   competence centers should have a clear focus, should set research agendas Processes & Organization Leadership & Collaboration Strategy To successfully manage the integrated R&D network, SAP has to set the right course Attention for R&D site Strategy Cooperation Sponsorship The measures serve to increase identification, internal transfer and absorptive potentials Location matters Firms need to seek resources (esp. advanced)   

The Co-Operative Bank IMC

Executive Summary The Co-operative Bank Is New Sealant's only bank that Is owned by its customers. Formerly simply a Building Society, the bank Is now looking to grow its customer base as a fully registered bank through a variety of avenues Including appealing to the tertiary student market. This report focuses on the Integrated marketing communications needed for accurately targeting the tertiary market. Firstly, It outlines a situation analysis including a PEST analysis, a competitor analysis, and the target market and the positioning of the Co-operative Bank with regards to its competitors.The communication strategy looks closely into the banks current communications offerings. This analysis focuses on how the companies message combines with its with the imagery used in its advertising. The media strategy outlines how the company has used awareness, universal and emotion strategies in its communications to target the tertiary market. Objectives are then outlined to provide scope f or the banks future MIMIC activities. Finally, the report provides recommendations (Including personal selling, promotion and public relations) and improvements to help the bank reach Its objectives In the next 12 months.As technology is always changing it is important that banks are continuing to update and make changes to their digital platforms to continue to be competitive in the market. 1. 2. 4 Environment -Environmental factors do not have a massive impact over the Co-operative bank forever climate change have some effect on the success of New Zealand businesses abilities to save and service loans. Particularly as New Zealand is an agricultural based society and climate change disrupts farming processes. 2 Competitor Analysis In the tertiary banking sector there are 5 main players that the Bank must compete with.Each has their own drawer however the reality is the base package each bank offers is very similar and in terms of costs, the banks offer students free or relatively f ree banking – See Appendix 1. On top of this each bank differentiates itself by offering extra services that are enticing to the student lifestyle. 2. 1 ASP ASP, as well as a relatively free base package, offers students free fries at McDonald's every time they use their card. This â€Å"gimmick† is attractive to students as it means offer students a large overdraft and a txt when funds are running low. 2. ANZA Ann.'s tertiary package is perhaps the least â€Å"gimmicky' of the big banks. They offer accessible branches and Tam's on campus as they are aware a student is often time poor. 2. 3 BENZ Ban's Younger is known to be extremely innovative and in tune with a tertiary audience's preference for good, simple web design. Their point of difference is an industry leading web application that makes handling finances, something that student have great difficulty doing, every simple. 2. 4 Westward Wastepaper's Student Pace, historically, has used gimmicks such as a free $ 25 upon sign up and a free pizza to engage the tertiary audience to bank with them.In the long term they also offer a â€Å"save and win† scheme that entices students to bank with them to win money on the money they choose to save. 2. 5 Kickback Kickback has perhaps the most comprehensive banking package. Their extra services include software to help manage your money, no commission currency conversion, free use of ANZA Tams on campus and free txt banking. This shows they are very much in tune with the requirements of being a student in New Zealand which supports Kickbacks main draw card of the bank being a New Zealand owned bank. 2. Co-operative Bank The Co-operative Banks student package is by contrast the least comprehensive. They offer a top interest rate of 5% however their main drawer, even for students, is still the fact that they are not Just New Zealand owned like Kickback but owned by the New Slanderer that bank with them. Growth and Maturity of the Industry New Zea land banks have enjoyed strong growth in lending since the 2008 global downturn. Profits however, are down due to â€Å"increasing regulatory pressures and strong competition in the lending market† (KEMP, 2013). Operational Revenue and Profitability At the end of 2013 financial year, the bank recorded profits before rebate at $mm (The Co-operative Bank, 2013). $1 m of this was distributed to customers. As at 31st December 2013 operating revenue reached $4. Mm (The Co-operative Bank, 2013). 5 Strategic Goals The Co-operative Bank has an overall strategic focus on â€Å"achieving long-term refillable growth, based on co-operative principles (The Co-operative Bank, 2013). 6 Target Marketing The Co-operative Bank targets those in the tertiary segment who are motivated by â€Å"good values†.These students, generally 18-25, will be those who are wary of the other big banks and the values they stand for. They will consist of students who are above the other banks â€Å"gimm icks† and would rather see their money buying some â€Å"goodness† rather than get free fries, for example, from a controversial multinational. They will have a solid â€Å"student† lifestyle with a low income, low outgoings and will nearly not have any dependents. 7 Market Positioning competitors try to outdo each other with clever marketing and competitive rates they are, compared to other industries, barely distinguishable from each other.As shown in Figure 1, the Co-operative Bank occupies a position that is relatively separated from its competitors in terms of perceived cost and on a values based analysis. Figure 1 – Positioning of New Zealand Banks This position clearly demonstrates to their target audience that they are set apart from their competitors as an alternative to banking in system where banks are driven y profits for their (often overseas) investors rather than by the values of and profits for their New Zealand owners/customers.Section 2 8 Communication Strategy Since the banks rebind in 2012 the bank has focused its communications on improving low awareness. It is spearheaded by the message â€Å"driven by your prosperity, not our profit†; this focus will help the bank achieve its goal to double its customers within 5 years (Stopper's, 2014). The key message the bank wants to convey to its target audience is that it is a values-driven bank that plays fair in a banking landscape that is thought of as the opposite.They use a brand image strategy to convey that although they are able to take calculated risks for the benefit of their customer-owners, they want their audience to know they want their activities to be transparent and â€Å"above the line†. The main symbol used by the bank is the infinity sign that consists of the 2 g's in Co-operative Bank, known as the â€Å"prosperity loop†- See figure 2. The loop is conveniently extracted from the banks name and symbolizes its goal of creating prosp erity, not profit, between the bank and its customer-owners with the benefits flowing between the two entities.This symbol associates potential customers with the brand and its objectives of â€Å"being about mutual benefit and true sustainability. (The Co-operative Bank, 2014, p. 2) Figure 2- The Prosperity Loop The loop is replicated though all forms of media advertising further insisting to its customers an ongoing sense of mutuality and support. In print media, the loop headline type treatment overlays both the heads of customers or their children and links them to the banks message, connecting a potential customer's emotion to the advertisement.The loop could so be seen to symbolism a thought bubble, further personifying the banks message. See figure 3 Figure 3- Print Advertisement This advertisement takes queues from thought leadership marketing as it shows a young, seemingly wealthy man thinking positively about the banks differentiation strategy. As this man represents a li festyle students aspire to participate in and the target market can now link him to the Co-operative bank. In theory, students will be more likely to think positively about, and possibly Join the bank.This links back to the banks goal of doubling its customer base in five years and helps the bank on their way to achieve it. Another brand association used is the companies color palette. The palette is distinctively fresh and focuses on a bright green color – see figure 4. This associates the brand with being fresh and distinctive as well as with growth. Natural context. This is important to the brands image as it reflects on New Slanderer emotions as a â€Å"clean, green† nation and may help the target market to associate with the bank as an extension of their patriotism.Also the mix of the color green as a symbol of natural growth and money is a reflection of the banks views on sustainable banking. Further, it associates this idea to the Co-operative Banks brand ND rei nforces to tertiary students that their principles will bring â€Å"growth† to their â€Å"money' in a sustainable way. This is particularly relevant to the target market who currently have low incomes but potential to growth their worth in the next few years. For them it means the bank is on their side and wants to work with them to grow their money in a sustainable way.Figure 4- Color Palette 9 Media Strategy and Appropriation The company, carrying out its awareness strategy for growth, used a broad mix of media mediums including a focus on print but also consisting of a television spot, audio advertising, and limited social media (Backbone, Linked in and Youth) to target a wide range of possible customers (Stopper's, 2014). The campaign is centered on presenting the banks differentiation from other banks as a New Zealand owned bank and the fact it is 100% owned by its customers.Although there was no media directly targeting tertiary students, the Co-operative Banks mix of mediums will have some effect on this target market. Using a universal strategy, as in this case, the bank reaches a large amount of potential customers. It also provides the bank with economies of scale. As a small bank, although not ideal, this strategy is relatively appropriate as, there is limited budget for large scale advertising. The bank has opted to pull resources together rather than loose budget to smaller and perhaps less successful strategies.This is at the cost of targeting specific demographics, such as the tertiary target market, with media strategies tailored to their particular motivations but allows the bank to target all New Slanderer who feel strongly about banking with a New Zealand bank that shares profits with its customers. The content of the advertising draws on emotional strategy and uses a lot of patriotic imagery ouch as beach scenes, trout fishing, and office and cafe culture.These are scenes of New Zealand culture that rouse patriotism in most New Sla nderer and this helps the bank not only reach people who will be interested in how the bank functions due to their patriotism but inform others of the benefits of Joining the bank. This is appropriate for the bank as it is harnessing current events (such as the class action against fees and the 2008 global downturn that have caused a cultural shift in New Zealand society in that people are more skeptical of banks) and building on the emotions they feel .It is therefore prudent for the bank to target the majority of society as the majority of society will be motivated by this emotion to Join the bank. 10 Objectives 1. Increase top-of-mind awareness level of the Co-operative bank within the tertiary market by 50% within the next 12 months 2. Increase knowledge within the tertiary market about the benefit of â€Å"owning† the bank they are banking with by 50% within the Bank within the next 12 months. 1 Improvements The weakness of the Banks current MIMIC plan lies in the fact t hat it has not tailored the plan to target specific groups such as the tertiary market. This suggests that the relationship between The Co-operative Bank and its tertiary customers is not as connected as it could be. To improve this, the bank does not necessarily have to change its message because as outlined prior, the patriotic and anti-status quo message used by its current offering will appeal to this market and also make the most of the banks industry-relative limited budget.The bank instead should work on making these messages more accessible to the tertiary market in order to improve the communication lines of the banks already strong message. Relationship Reach Include tertiary market specific imagery in print advertising There is a lack of tertiary specific imagery used by creative in the print media. There are a variety of children and young professionals and although some students may see these people as aspirations, they may also feel excluded and therefore disconnected from the banks message as the images are unrepeatable to them at their current age.Create an active twitter account that backs up the banks brand image but also feels like it is maintained by a tertiary student. It will post breaking banking news and intelligently debate key players in the banking industry. Create a presence on campus by locating brochures at campus student finance offices Make brochures available that provides step by step financial planning for students that is branded with Co-operative bank. The brochures will also provide information about the Co- operatives services.The content will be so effective that campus financial planners will recommend them to students. This will increase student's knowledge about the bank. Change billboards near tertiary institutions to have very tertiary student age appropriate creative. Add a scene to the television spot that is directly relatable to by majority of tertiary students. The advert currently has scenes that will appeal t o only a select part of the target market I. E office employees and trout fishers.Adding a tertiary related scene with strong tertiary markers will strengthen the banks relationship with students as they will feel included in their advertising. Promote banks message at campus fairs. Sponsor tertiary events 12 Promotional Mix Recommendations 12. 1 Public Relations and its community based values. Tertiary students will be selected to spend a day in the life of community organizations with a particular emphasis on organizations that purport the interests of tertiary aged students such as canteen and be followed by a documentary team..The outcome will be a documentary series posted on Community Loop's Youth. These videos will expect to be picked up by local media and be interesting enough for students to want to share on Youth. 12. 2 Personal Selling At campus events, the bank would loan its employees to event to handle the financial aspect of the event and at the same time inform stude nts of the banks offerings- supporting and promoting the banks message that it works within the community in a positive way.For example, at the â€Å"Nun Games†, Co-operative Bank employees in â€Å"community loop† uniform will handle ticket processing at the gate and have the â€Å"community loop† marquee providing shelter for students. Employees will hold conversations with students about the banks offerings and message. Such a presence evokes brand awareness within in the student community and at the same time, shows off the banks tertiary product. 12. 3 Sales Promotion The bank stands out among other banks as it does not offer students â€Å"gimmicky' promotions with its package – See appendix 1 .There is an opportunity here for the Ann. To offer a promotion to students that does not seem as lightweight and also gain attention of the students who are likely to switch to the bank because of its message. The promotion will support the banks community c entered message and feature a system wherein if you sign up you get a free stationary pack (bio-degradable and from sustainable sources) and a child from a low decide school in the local area also gets a pack.The stationary will feature the banks â€Å"Community Loop† logo. 13 Budget 13. 1 Objective-and-Task Method The bank would use an objective and task method to specify the role advertising will lay for the Co-operative brand and, the budget has been set accordingly. This method has been chosen as it allows the bank to focus on the objectives based on the needs of the bank and therefore reinforce the banks strategy rather than the needs of other factors such as what competitors are doing or how much they can afford.

In Making the Most of Foreign Factories by Kasra Ferdows (Notes)

* Not tapping into the full potential of foreign factories * Only use them for benefit of tariffs and trade concessions, cheap labor, etc. * Some companies do use them to full potential and gain exponentially from it. * Use them for the previous reasons mentioned, but also to get closer to their customer and suppliers, to attract skilled and talenterd employees, and create centers of expertise for the entire company. The answer for why these two approaches lies in the managers hands, which they have answered a simple yet fundamental question: How can a factory located outside a company’s home country be used as a competitive weapon not only in the markets that ir directly serves but also in every market served by the company? * Ex. Some managers don’t consider manufacturing to be a source of competitive advantage, they will establish factories with a narrow strategic scope, which they provide those factories with limited resources. In contrast if they do†¦then they will be productive and innovative by achieving many goals. Lower tariffs are causing foreign plants to close * Increase in sophistication of manufacturing and product development and the growing importance of having world-class suppliers are causing more multinationals to place less emphasis on low wages. * Factories are being strategically placed in foreign countries where they can have the most advanced infrastructure and workers skills, rather than in the areas that offer merely the lowest wages. * Companies are concentrating production and development in the same organization. * Servers companies * Moving horizontally across the matrix

The Developement of Polyphony

Rick Serra Professor Graham Music History 1 2 October 2012 The Development of Polyphony Polyphony is a musical concept that completely revolutionized music as a whole. The development of polyphony began to take shape around the 11th century. When talking about polyphony, we are referring to a texture made up of two or more independent melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice (monophony) or music with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony).Although we have an overall understanding when polyphony came about, many historians are still concealed in speculation and theories. Despite its beginnings we can assume that polyphony existed in one form or another somewhere else before it grew in the West. Some scholars suggest that roots may lie in Greek music, when the technique of improvising on the same melody could be found, also known as heterophony. Others opinionate that its origins rest in the natural variations in voice placement from one person to a nother.This is best described as when two different voices would sing the same melody using the most comfortable parts of their ranges, causing a succession of parallel intervals to be produced. It can also be viewed as a result of philosophical assumption on the possibility of synchronized interval performances. In order to understand the earliest stages of its development, we must rely on theoretical treatises. These are the technical descriptions of part singing, that have a distinguishing name, organum.Organums can be found in theoretical works by the ninth and tenth centuries, but we do not find any signs of the early history or an attachment to any specific region in them. Conversely, these treatises describe and arrange practices that may well have been widespread and could be considered a custom, not a novelty. Another theory of when European polyphony came about begins when the rivalry between the Western and Eastern churches reached a crisis in 1054. When that was taking p lace, scholars believe polyphony slowly made its way into church music.So instead of monophony or heterophony, we started seeing separate voices sing together, not in unison or octaves but as diverging parts. In the eleventh century, when singers began improvising under the limits of certain rules left from simple parallel motion to give these parts some independence, a development unique to music history began. This was not a speedy process though, there were no sudden, sharp breaks with the past, these changes came about gradually.Although we saw polyphony develop from the churches, we have good reason to believe that polyphony existed in Europe long before it was first unmistakably described. Melodic doubling at the third, fourth, or fifth, along with heterophony is found in many cultures and probably existed also in Europe. Unfortunately, no documents of such early European polyphony survive. But the first clear depiction of music for more than one vocal part, written in the nin th century, absolutely refers to a practice already in use, not a new one being proposed.Passages in an anonymous treatise, Musica enchiriadis and in a dialogue associated with it, Scolica enchiriadis, describe and illustrate two distinct kinds of â€Å"singing together,† both labeled by the name organum. People would sing in parallel fourths sometimes results in a tritone. To evade this undesirable sound, a rule banned the organal voice from going below G or C in these circumstances. Instead, it was expected to stay on one note until it was safe once again to proceed in parallel fourths without meeting another tritone.Under this practice, the organal part became separated from the plainchant and a larger diversity of synchronized intervals came into use, not all of them familiar consonances. This lead to what we now know and understand as today’s standard notation and rules for writing polyphony. Works Cited â€Å"The Beginning of Polyphony. † About. com Music Education. N. p. , n. d. Web. 05 Oct. 2012. <http://musiced. about. com/od/historyofmusic/a/polyphony. htm>. Burkholder, J. Peter, Donald Jay. Grout, and Claude V. Palisca. A History of Western Music. New York: W. W. Norton &, 2010.Print. â€Å"Polyphonic Development and the Importance of the Polyphonic Era. † Music of Yesterday. N. p. , n. d. Web. 5 Oct. 2012. <www. musicofyesterday. com/history/general/Polyphonic_Development_and_the_Importance_of_the_Polyphonic_Era. php>. â€Å"Polyphony. † Dictionary. com. Dictionary. com, n. d. Web. 05 Oct. 2012. <http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/polyphony>. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Music of Yesterday [ 2 ]. A History of Western Music [ 3 ]. A History of Western Music [ 4 ]. A History of Western Music [ 5 ]. A History of Western Music

An Analysis of Rumis Poem Unmarked Boxes

Jalà ¢lal-Din Mohammad Rumi, an analytical writer without a mark, embraces the wisdom of accepting that fate and the world can not be changed in the poem Markless box using metaphors and sound techniques I am sharing. In the sentence at the beginning of Rumi, two short and violent words of do not be sad are included (1). By saying this, he warned him not to change what he could not turn into a reader. He also told the reader not to worry about this. And I suggested that everything is for reason. But for many readers Rumi's Persian career has little impact on the power of his poetry. He embodies a completely different American spirit like Walt Whitman and Muhammad. The work of Rumi is so general that it is meaningful, and readers use poetry for self discovery of recreation. It is impossible to get Rumi out of the background, said Remy's translator, who often reads Rumi's poetry at a yoga studio, performance poet Shah Ramshiva. Jalal-ad-Din-Muhammad Rumi is commonly known as Rumi (120 7 - 1273), Persian of the 13th century, Muslim poet, Sufi mysticism. Rumi's influence exceeds national borders and ethnic groups. Iranians, Tajiks, Turks, Greeks, Pashtoans, Central Asians, South Asians have valued his spiritual heritage for the past seven centuries. His poetry is widely translated into many languages ​​of the world. Rumi is said to be the most popular poet and best selling poet in the United States. Like many others, Omid Safi believes that Barks' achievement is to introduce Rumi to millions of American readers in the process of turning Rumi into an American poetry, Bacchus. Pour much time and energy into the work and life of the poet. There are other versions of Rumi that can be deleted from the original including Deepak Chopra and the book of the new era of Daniel Ladinsky. Chopra, spiritual work and creator of alternative medicine enthusiasts, acknowledges that his poem is not Rumi's words. On the contrary, as he wrote in the introduction of Rumi's Love Poems, they are emotions, we caught some of the phrases spoken in the original Persian language and gave a life to new creation The essence of its source. I am busy reading novels and I just started reading poems recently. The poet I contacted includes Robert Frost, Ruskin Bond, William Wordsworth, Rumi. Some of the poems I read at school have always been shocked, such as solitary readers, poems and stones of life. Returning to your question, after I started writing in YQ for 2 months, I learned that other people were using my pseudo at that time then - Indhu. As I was angry, I complained that FB's App founder (Harsh Snehanshu) violated my pen name (now looks a bit childish). He explained the actual problem that the user can change the copyright of the pen name at any time. So I want to add myself a unique pen name. Because this is what I want, I want something that is warm, witty and reasonable. As a lazy one, I chose Warm.Witty.Wise.

Judicial Precedents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Judicial Precedents - Essay Example However, this is not binding on cases of Federal Courts, or by Courts of other States or country. The principle of stare decisis can be split into two parts. The first is the rule that a decision made by a higher court is a binding precedent, which a lower court cannot overrule. The second dictum is that a court should not upset its own precedents unless there is valid reason to do so. This needs to be motivated by principles from similar and lower courts. Under English legal system, judges are not justified to make their own decisions about the development, or interpretations of law. They may, or may not be held by a ruling made in a previous case. Two facts are important in finding out whether a precedent is binding: One of the main disadvantages of the use of precedents is that there is no mental exercise on the part of judiciary and it may not do the best brand of justice that could be rendered in a specific case. When a jury takes a decision based on previous case ruling, it has not exercised its own discretionary and discriminative powers, and, in a way has just copied its predecessor by way of issue of legal judgment. Whether there are sufficient reasons to believe that both the cases are similar for a common ruling is another matter, to be tried by the Court of Appeal or any other competent legal body. Precedent has a very important role in the common law. It ensures firmness, uniformity, logical sequence and expansion of the law. At the same time, it can be rigid and complex - what is "the law" on a subject may be very difficult to find or to state as it is often spread across many cases with varying degrees of intricacies. The law is also easier to find and state and is rationally prospective rather than based on the chance event of litigation, which may give rise to laws based on extreme or unusual situations, or erratically argued cases. Precedent is dependent upon written record of cases: Precede means that the judges have to place before consideration before granting verdict, the full accounts of the case history and other relating matters to the subject. Therefore, it could be argued that, in the absence of such matters and documents, the order of precedent may not be established. The second dictum is that a court should not upset its own precedents therefore, records are a sine quo non, which must be present to enforce legal pronouncements. Necessary documentary evidence may be needed before precedents could be established. Before the concept of precedent lays down previous similar decision, it

E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

E-Business - Essay Example The attributes are the various properties which are highlighted in ovals and represent the various features of the system. Frawley (2001) mentions that knowledge of the business system can be derived easily by using the logical designs of the database of the organization where information is very valuable to be stored for effective and efficient retrieval. The very organization of the hotel into departments and their location are the prime factors for designing the network topology and the technologies to be used for efficient communication and sharing of information (Physinfo, 2006). Using LAN the computers are interconnected within the office or building premises so that all the employees are able to get information on demand. The head office has a central server where all the information us stored in the database. The other offices are also networked using the LAN technologies. The switch is two layered and used to take care of the storing and forwarding mechanism as stated in Tanenbaum

Computer Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Computer Security - Essay Example Keeping in mind the situation described above publication of a patch and providing technical information about vulnerability during disclosure can enable user’s to take protective and preventive action. CERT, a federally funded quasi government organization, is a key player in the domain of vulnerability disclosure and prioritizes in the publication of preventive measures, such as a patch, in their disclosures. There are certain issues that revolve around the disclosing of vulnerability information. These are regarding the timing of the release of patches which is made critical once vulnerability is disclosed. However the development of these patches takes time. This component clashes with that of instant disclosure, which leaves users defenseless against attackers who can exploit the disclosed vulnerability in the time that it takes for a patch to be released. These are the two critical dimensions that an optimal disclosure policy addresses. For the development of an optimal patch notification policy it is important to estimate the attacker’s and vendor’s behavior. If the vendors do not act quickly to instant disclosure then the formulation of a policy which incorporates this behavior will be strongly discouraged socially unfavorable. But even if vendors develop a patch quickly there lays a need to know how the attacker’s probability of attack changes with the disclosure, and with the patching. Other critical elements that the policy incorporates are a thorough investigation of vulnerabilities that are more likely to be exploited by attackers and hence require immediate attention. These are the ones that the vendor’s need to concentrate on developing patches for. Keeping in mind all these area’s of concern we develop a optimal patch notification policy that balances the issue’s mentioned above. Simply because a vendor releases a patch more quickly due to an early disclosure does not necessarily make this action optimal. Using a game theoretic model Arora, Telang and Xu (2003) show that neither instantaneous disclosure nor secrecy policy is optimal. An optimal patch publication policy depends upon underlying factors like how quickly a vendor’s response is in releasing patches, and how likely attackers are to find and exploit unpatched vulnerabilities. Q2: Here we consider the incentives of the attackers as well as the parties listed previously. What are the incentives of attackers? When we look at the internet we see how it has developed into a global system of interlinked computer networks which have made possible the exchange of information between millions of organizations. It has made possible new forms of social interactions as well as means to probe them. The internet is a unique tool for studying the development and the organization of a complex system. This is why numerous attackers are attracted towards the use of methods to hack into and manipulate various online systems. T here are many classifications of hackers based on the incentives behind their attacks. There are the early gentle hackers, who break into systems to demonstrate their skills. Then there are the ‘black hats’, which might have been gentle hackers at some point but then are motivated to make money as part of an explosively booming business based on ever-present internet insecurity. Moving